How can soil compaction affect trees?

Soil compaction is a significant concern for tree health as it alters the physical properties of the soil. When soil becomes compacted, the spaces between soil particles become smaller, which leads to a reduction in pore space. This reduction negatively affects both water movement and air exchange within the soil.

One of the critical effects of soil compaction is the reduction of oxygen availability in the soil. Roots require oxygen for respiration, and when the soil is compacted, the reduced air spaces can lead to hypoxic conditions, where the oxygen level is not sufficient for healthy root function. This lack of oxygen can cause stress on the tree, inhibiting root growth and development. Roots may struggle to penetrate the compacted soil, leading to a shallow root system that is less resilient and unable to absorb water and nutrients effectively.

Additionally, the impeded root growth due to compaction can affect the tree's stability and overall health, making it more susceptible to diseases and environmental stressors. In contrast, the other options suggest outcomes that are either contrary to the effects of soil compaction or that do not illustrate its negative impact on tree health, making them unrelated or inaccurate in this context.