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What does the term "topping" refer to in arboriculture?

  1. Cutting off the crown of a tree

  2. Applying fertilizer to the roots

  3. Pruning branches to shape the canopy

  4. Inserting liquid fertilizer into the soil

The correct answer is: Cutting off the crown of a tree

In arboriculture, the term "topping" refers to cutting off the crown of a tree. This is considered a harmful and damaging practice as it removes a significant portion of the tree's canopy and can lead to long-term health issues. Option B, applying fertilizer to the roots, is not related to the term "topping." Option C, pruning branches to shape the canopy, is a common and beneficial practice in arboriculture, but it is not the same as topping. And option D, inserting liquid fertilizer into the soil, is not related to the term "topping" in any way. Therefore, the best answer is A, cutting off the crown of a tree.